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Understanding X-chromosome silencing in humans

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Use of the RNA-FISH visualisation approach reveals co-accumulation of XIST (inexperienced) and XACT (crimson) on the 2 energetic X-chromosomes in feminine ‘naïve’ human embryonic stem cells. Credit score: Céline Vallot, Paris Diderot College Researchers have found new insights into how one of many two X-chromosomes is silenced through the growth of feminine human embryos and likewise in lab-grown stem cells. X-chromosome silencing is important for correct growth and these findings are necessary for understanding how the exercise of the X-chromosome is regulated to make sure the wholesome growth of human embryos. Feminine cells have two X-chromosomes. One X-chromosome is shut down within the earliest phases of growth stopping the duplicated expression of genes from each X-chromosomes. Earlier work utilizing mouse embryos confirmed lengthy RNA molecule referred to as Xist coats areas of the silenc...
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Stem cell 'living bandage' for knee injuries trialed in humans

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Meniscal tears are suffered by over a million folks a yr within the US and Europe alone and are notably widespread involved sports activities like soccer and rugby. Credit score: © ave_mario / Fotolia A 'residing bandage' created from stem cells, which might revolutionise the therapy and prognosis of a typical sporting knee harm, has been trialled in people for the primary time by scientists on the Universities of Liverpool and Bristol. Meniscal tears are suffered by over a million folks a yr within the US and Europe alone and are notably widespread involved sports activities like soccer and rugby. 90% or extra of tears happen within the white zone of meniscus which lacks a blood provide, making them tough to restore. sports activities gamers choose to have the torn tissue eliminated altogether, risking osteoarthritis in later life. The Cell Bandage has been developed by spin-out firm ...
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First U.S. babies treated in unique study of adult stem cell therapy for congenital heart disease

UM SOM surgeons are injecting the cells into the babies' hearts during open-heart operations at the University of Maryland Medical Center. ISCI is supplying the stem cells for the procedures. Even with extensive surgical treatments, HLHS babies still do not have optimal outcomes. The researchers hope the cells will increase the babies' chances of survival as HLHS limits the heart's ability to pump blood from the heart to the body. "The premise of this clinical trial is to boost or regenerate the right ventricle, the only ventricle in these babies, to make it pump as strongly as a normal left ventricle," says lead researcher Sunjay Kaushal, MD, PhD, associate professor of surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine and director, pediatric cardiac surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center. "We are hoping this therapy will be a game-changer for these patients." Kaushal says the first two patients, who were both four-months-old when the ...
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New ultrasound technique is first to image inside live cells

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These are stem cells changing into fats cells. Utilizing the ultrasound approach, we will begin exploring why fats cells placed on fats and whether or not we will make the cells 'food plan' . Credit score: College of Nottingham Researchers at The College of Nottingham have developed a break-through approach that makes use of sound fairly than gentle to see inside stay cells, with potential software in stem-cell transplants and most cancers prognosis. The brand new nanoscale ultrasound approach makes use of shorter-than-optical wavelengths of sound and will even rival the optical super-resolution methods which gained the 2014 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. This new sort of sub-optical phonon (sound) imaging gives invaluable details about the construction, mechanical properties and behavior of particular person residing cells at a scale not achieved earlier than. Researchers from the Optics a...
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Researchers confirm molecule's role in kidney formation

Using an innovative screen approach that graduate student Shahram Jevin Poureetezadi designed, the team exposed zebrafish embryos to small molecules, prostaglandin E2, from a chemical library of such molecules known to be active in cell development generally. The researchers wanted to identify small molecules that regulate or modify development. They discovered that activating or interrupting the prostaglandin pathway has a direct impact on the kidney, meaning that it is essential for normal development. The discovery is the culmination of six years of work in the lab, assembling various genes that are important for making kidney cells. Now that the pieces are being connected and the role of prostaglandin is established, Wingert will turn attention to gaining a deeper molecular and mechanistic understanding of how the molecule works in kidney development, especially the gene targets of the signaling. Prostaglandin E2 regulates the formation of blood stem cells and is known to inf...
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Stem cell strategy for boosting testosterone levels tested in rodents

"Our study is the first to report a method for generating Leydig cells b y means of direct cell reprogramming," says senior study co-author Yadong Huang of Jinan University. "This alternative source of Leydig cells will be of great significance for basic research and provides the attractive prospect of clinical application in the field of regenerative medicine." Male hypogonadism is characterized by symptoms such as mood disturbances, sexual dysfunction, decreased muscle mass and strength, and decreased bone mineral density. One primary cause is the dysfunction of testosterone-producing Leydig cells in the testes. Testosterone replacement therapy can alleviate some symptoms resulting from Leydig cell failure, but it may also increase the risk of prostate and cardiovascular complications, such as the formation o f blood clots. Leydig cell transplantation could be a promising alternative to hormone replacement therapy, providing physiological patterns of hormone...
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Synthetic stem cells could offer therapeutic benefits, reduced risks

Stem cell therapies work by promoting endogenous repair; that is, they aid damaged tissue in repairing itself by secreting "paracrine factors," including proteins and genetic materials. While stem cell therapies can be effective, they are also associated with some risks of both tumor growth and immune rejection. Also, the cells themselves are very fragile, requiring careful storage and a multi-step process of typing and characterization before they can be used. Ke Cheng, associate professor of molecular biomedical sciences at NC State University, associate professor in the joint biomedical engineering program at NC State and UNC and adjunct associate professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, led a team in developing the synthetic version of a cardiac stem cell that could be used in off-the-shelf applications. Cheng and his colleagues fabricated a cell-mimicking microparticle (CMMP) from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) or PLGA, a biodegradable and biocompatible ...
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